Geoprocessing service example: Drive-time polygons

Available with Network Analyst license.

Complexity: IntermediateData Requirement: ArcGIS Tutorial Data for DesktopData Path: C:\arcgis\ArcTutor\GP Service Examples\Network Analyst\DriveTimePolygons Goal: Author, publish, and use a geoprocessing service that creates polygons based on drive times around points.

Folder	DriveTimePolygons
Purpose	Creates drive-time (or drive-distance) polygons around input points for the given drive-time values
Service	DriveTimePolygonsService (geoprocessing service)
Geoprocessing task	Calculate Drive-Time Polygons
Inputs	A digitized point representing a facility A space-separated list of numeric values representing driving times or distances A time or length unit, which defines a unit for the space-separated list of numeric values and specifies whether the service will generate drive-time or drive-distance polygons A choice of outputting rings or disks
Outputs	One polygon corresponding to each input drive-time or drive-distance value for each facility
Data	Uses a street network dataset for the San Francisco area provided in the ToolData folder
Extensions	ArcGIS Network Analyst
Of note	Demonstrates the basic steps required to set up and use a server task for generating service areas (These steps are similar to setting up a vehicle routing problem service or a find nearest service using the Solve Vehicle Routing Problem or Find Closest Facilities geoprocessing tools, respectively.)

About this example

Corresponding folder

The data for this tutorial can be downloaded from ArcGIS.com. Extract the data to C:\arcgis\ArcTutor. The model and some corresponding data are stored at C:\arcgis\ArcTutor\GP Service Examples\Network Analyst\DriveTimePolygons. The network dataset that is referenced by the network analysis layer in the model is stored in the SanFrancisco geodatabase found in C:\arcgis\ArcTutor\GP Service Examples\Network Analyst\DriveTimePolygons.

About the Calculate Drive-Time Polygons task

The primary purpose of the Calculate Drive-Time Polygons task is to create drive-time polygons around user-specified points. A drive-time polygon is a region that encompasses all accessible streets that lie within a specified drive time from that point. Drive-time polygons can be used to evaluate the accessibility of a point with respect to some other features. For example, one-, two-, and three-minute drive-time polygons around a grocery store can be used to determine which people are most likely to shop at the store.

Example output from Calculate Drive-Time Polygons task

There are two geoprocessing tools for creating service areas: Make Service Area Layer and Generate Service Areas. This example uses Generate Service Areas because it is designed to facilitate the creation of service area services and optimize the solver's performance in a server environment. Another benefit of Generate Service Areas is that it offers throttling parameters, which let you limit server processing and bandwidth usage by limiting the size of service area problems requested by clients. For example, this example sets the Maximum Facilities parameter to 10 so that the server will automatically reject any requests to solve a service area problem with more than 10 facilities.

Data

The network dataset for this example is located at C:\arcgis\ArcTutor\GP Service Examples\Network Analyst\SanFrancisco.gdb and the map documents, toolbox, and other supplementary data are stored at C:\arcgis\ArcTutor\GP Service Examples\Network Analyst\DriveTimePolygons.

DriveTimePolygons folder contents

Network dataset

The Network Analyst folder contains a file geodatabase, SanFrancisco.gdb. Within the Transportation feature dataset is a network dataset, Streets_ND. This network dataset models the street network for the San Francisco area. It provides several network attributes, including TravelTime, which indicates the time it takes to travel each street segment in minutes, and Meters, which indicates the length of each street segment.

Toolbox and map documents

The toolbox for the geoprocessing service is DriveTimePolygonsService.tbx.

The two map documents, DriveTimePolygonsService.mxd and UsingDriveTimePolygonsService.mxd, are included to remove secondary steps from this workflow topic, such as adding layers, fitting map extents around the study area, and so on.

Model

Model overview

The Calculate Drive-Time Polygons model, found in the DriveTimePolygonsService toolbox, is illustrated below. There are four input variables:

• Input Facilities are the centers of the drive-time polygons to be generated. (In network analysis, a facility is any fixed location on the network, such as a building or your current location.)
• Break Values is a space-separated list of drive-time or drive-distance values.
• Break Units specifies the units of Break Values and determines whether drive-time or drive-distance polygons are generated. Drive-time polygons are generated when a time unit is chosen; drive-distance polygons are generated for length units.
• Polygon Overlap specifies whether each break value is generated from the facility (DISKS) or from the end of the last break (RINGS). This variable only affects the output for service areas that have multiple breaks per facility.

The Generate Service Areas tool in this model creates a service area network analysis layer, adds the user-digitized points as facilities, performs a solve operation, and outputs drive-time polygons.

Element	Type	Description
Facilities	Feature set (points), input parameter	Point features around which the drive-time polygons are determined
Break Values	String, input parameter	Space-separated list of drive-time or drive-distance values
Break Units	String, input parameter	The units for Break Values
Polygon Overlap Type	String, input parameter	Specifies whether to create concentric service area polygons as disks or rings when multiple break values are present
Polygon Barriers	Feature Set (polygons)	Polygon features that prohibit traversal on or scale the cost of the network edges they cover
Line Barriers	Feature Set (lines)	Line features that prohibit traversal on or scale the cost of the network edges they cover
Point Barriers	Feature Set (points)	Point features that add cost to or prohibit traversal through a point on the network
Streets_ND	Network dataset layer	The network dataset layer on which the service areas are calculated
Attribute Parameter Values	Record set	Parameter values for parameterized network attributes
Generate Service Areas	Tool	Creates and solves a service area analysis
SolveSucceeded	Boolean	The derived output that indicates whether the solve was successful
Polygons	Feature layer, output parameter	The output polygons layer representing the service areas

Model elements

Workflow Overview

The general workflow for publishing a service area solver as a geoprocessing service is the following:

1. Add Generate Service Areas to ModelBuilder.
2. Decide which parameters you want clients to be able to set values for, then expose them as model parameters.
3. Document the parameters in the model's Item Description dialog box.
4. Run the model once in ArcMap.
5. From the Results window in ArcMap, publish the model as a geoprocessing service.

Using the network dataset layer

The network dataset for the San Francisco area is added to the DriveTimePolygonsService map document as a network dataset layer (Streets_ND). This layer is used in the model as an input variable for the Generate Service Areas tool. Using a network layer greatly improves the overall model execution time since a connection to the network dataset is kept open by the network dataset layer. Otherwise, if the network dataset is referenced by the path to its disk location, a connection to the network dataset is made each time the model executes, which reduces the performance of the geoprocessing service created using the model.

A network dataset layer in the table of contents

Using the network dataset layer in the model

Model processes

The Generate Service Areas tool creates a service area Network Analyst (NA) layer that stores the analysis properties, references the Streets_ND network dataset layer used for the analysis, and stores the input facilities and the output polygons. The network dataset has a network cost attribute called TravelTime, which specifies the travel time required to traverse each street segment. Similarly, it has a cost attribute called Meters, which specifies the length of each street segment. One of these two cost attributes is referenced in the analysis to generate either drive-time or drive-distance polygons. The cost attribute that is referenced depends on whether the Break Units variable is set to a time or distance unit: time units cause the TravelTime attribute to be used, whereas distance units cause the Meters attribute to be used. The tool handles any unit conversions that may be necessary.

The default break values are read from the Break Values variable as a space-separated list of values.

For this service, the NO_MERGE option was used to create overlapping polygons that do not merge for each facility.

The Facilities parameter is a feature set data type so that the model can interactively accept user-digitized points as facilities.

The tool calculates the service area based on the options specified in the input parameters and generates the drive-time polygons. The calculated polygons are written to the output polygons layer.

Service Capabilities

The parameters in the Service Capabilities section of the tool dialog box are designed to limit processing and storage requirements of client requests. They trigger certain behaviors. For example, since the Maximum Facilities parameter for this model is set to 10, the resultant service will check to see how many facilities the user has created. If there are 10 or fewer facilities, the service areas will be generated; however, if there are more than 10, the service will immediately terminate.

All the other service capability parameters work in a similar fashion, except Force Hierarchy beyond Break Time Value and Force Hierarchy beyond Break Distance Value. These last two parameters are disabled, because this San Fancisco network dataset doesn't have a hierarchy attribute. If it did, and the Use Hierarchy in Analysis parameter wasn't checked, you could force the service area to become a hierarchical service area when larger break values are passed in. This is beneficial because hierarchical service areas, though less accurate, require far less processing than nonhierarchical ones.

Parameters under Service Capabilities

Item description

By documenting the Item Description of the geoprocessing model, you are also documenting the resultant service and its parameters because the publishing wizard copies the text to the item description of the service. Describing, or documenting, the service is required and helps users understand how to successfully interact with the service and generate service areas. The model for this example is documented; you can inspect it by right-clicking the geoprocessing model in the Catalog window and choosing Item Description.

Publishing

The geoprocessing service is published as described in the steps below.

1. Open DriveTimePolygonsService.mxd. The default location for the tutorial data is C:\arcgis\ArcTutor\GP Service Examples\Network Analyst\DriveTimePolygons.
2. Run the Calculate Drive-Time Polygons geoprocessing model.
   1. In the Catalog window, expand DriveTimePolygonsService.tbx, then double-click the Calculate Drive-Time Polygons tool.
   2. In the Calculate Drive-Time Polygons tool dialog box, click the symbol next to Facilities, then click on the map to add a facility.
   3. Click OK to generate service areas.
3. Open the Results window by clicking Geoprocessing > Results.
4. In the Results window, expand Current Session.
5. Right-click CalculateDriveTimePolygons (which is followed by the time and date that the model ran) and choose Share As > Geoprocessing Service.
6. In the Share as Service dialog box, click Next.
7. Choose an ArcGIS Server connection with publisher capabilities from the drop-down list or make a connection using the button to the right of the drop-down list.
8. Click Next.
9. Choose to publish the service to the root folder or specify a different folder and click Continue.

   The Service Editor dialog box appears. The text from the geoprocessing model's item description is copied to describe the service. It is displayed for editing in the Item Description section of the dialog box as well as in the sections immediately above it (Facilities, Break Values, and so on).

10. Click Parameters, which is in the left panel of the Service Editor dialog box, and choose Warning from the Message Level drop-down list.

    Any error or warning messages encountered while running the model as part of a service will be reported to the client.

You may need to click the Pooling tab and increase The maximum time a client can use a service; it depends on how long you expect the server to spend solving its largest service-area requests. You can leave the default value for this service, but some factors that may require increasing it for other service-area services include allowing many breaks, long break values, or many facilities on a large network; ignoring the network hierarchy; trimming polygons; or creating detailed polygons. The processing speed of the server also factors into the total time of the solve.
11. Click Analyze to see any warning or error messages in the Publisher window.

    Unless you have set up a data store, you will receive a warning that data will be copied to the server. You may receive other messages as well. Warnings can be ignored; errors cannot. Right-click any error messages in the Publisher window for help on how to address them.

12. Click Publish on the Service Editor dialog box.

    A dialog box may appear immediately to inform you that Streets_ND will be copied to the server. After the service publishes successfully, the Succeeded dialog box appears.

13. Click OK.

Using

1. Open UsingDriveTimePolygonsService.mxd.

   Notice that this map shows an ArcGIS Online basemap layer and is zoomed to San Francisco.

2. Create a user connection to ArcGIS Server from the Catalog window if one does not exist.
3. Expand the user connection, then expand the DriveTimePolygonsService.tbx toolbox.
4. Open the Calculate Drive-Time Polygons tool by double-clicking it.
5. Add a point to create a facility location.
6. Specify 2 3 4 for drive-time values and click OK to run the task.

   ArcGIS Server receives the request; solves the analysis; and returns a layer, Polygons, which contains the resulting service area.

7. Check the Polygons layer to make it visible.

   Take the opportunity to examine the result of the task in the Results window.

   Optionally, run the analysis again but add more than 10 facilities to see if the service capabilities block the request.