Quick lesson: Solve a spatial problem

Solving a spatial problem usually involves using analysis tools. ArcGIS Enterprise Map Viewer helps you choose and use the right tools through useful pop-up information and intuitive workflows. In this lesson, you'll work with some of the analysis tools as you assume the role of an agriculture official in New Zealand looking to eradicate an invasive weed. In this scenario, you are looking for the nassella tussock weed growing near commercial campgrounds to identify affected areas and determine how pervasive the problem is. Nassella tussock was accidentally brought to New Zealand in the late 1800s and is now well-established in the Marlborough and Canterbury regions. It spreads quickly, crowds out other grasses, and is hard to eradicate. Nassella tussock is unpalatable to livestock, which makes it a threat to pastoral farming. Its seeds are spread mainly by wind, but also by animals, people, and vehicles.

As you work through the steps in this lesson, you'll use the following skills: finding and launching analysis tools from the Perform Analysis pane in Map Viewer, setting tool parameters to get the most accurate results, and using smart mapping and feature attributes to review and understand the results of your analysis. This lesson is designed for beginners. You must have an organizational account and privileges to perform spatial analysis. Estimated time: 25 minutes.

As an agriculture official in the Marlborough region of New Zealand, part of your job is to identify areas near commercial campgrounds where nassella tussock is a threat to campers. Campers who come in contact with the weed during recreational activities may inadvertently get seeds in their clothing or gear and take these seeds with them when they leave. If you find that nassella tussock grows near commercial campgrounds, you can provide information to help campers identify and avoid it.

Fortunately, you have a web map of commercial campgrounds in the Marlborough region with information about nassella tussock distribution, as well as access to a powerful set of analysis tools in ArcGIS Enterprise, which will help you answer your questions. The analysis you will perform has three parts. First, you'll create buffers, or proximity zones, around the commercial campgrounds. Next, you'll see which of these buffers contain nassella tussock. Finally, you'll calculate the amount of nassella tussock within the buffers.

Note:

To complete this lesson, you must have the following configured:

• An ArcGIS Enterprise base deployment
• Spatial Analysis tools
• The searchArcGISOnlineEnabled property set to true (this is the default)

Open and save the map

Start by opening the nassella tussock map in Map Viewer.

1. In Map Viewer, click Add and Search for Layers.
2. In the Search for Layers dialog, click the drop-down to search for content in ArcGIS Online. In the Find dialog box, type nassella and click Go. If necessary, uncheck the box to find only layers within map area. Once results are returned, click Add for the NassellaTussockRanges (by ArcGISOnlineExercises) result. Once the layer is added, click Done Adding Layers.
Map Viewer opens to the Marlborough region of New Zealand. Commercial campgrounds are displayed, along with the known distribution of nassella tussock. The Nassella Tussock Range layer does not represent the density of the plant at a given location. A marked area may be heavily infested or it may have only scattered plants.
3. On the ribbon above the map, click Save and choose Save As. Rename the map Analysis quick lesson - Your Name. Using your name in the title will ensure that the map title is unique in your organization. Click Save Map.

Explore the Perform Analysis pane

To carry out the analysis, you'll run tools from the Perform Analysis pane. First, you'll see how these tools are organized in ArcGIS Enterprise.

1. On the ribbon above the map, click Analysis.
The Perform Analysis pane appears. The tools are grouped into categories based on the type of analysis they perform.
2. Expand the Use Proximity group.
The Use Proximity tools help you answer one of the most common questions posed in spatial analysis: What is near what?
3. In the Use Proximity group, click Create Buffers.
The Create Buffers tool opens in the Perform Analysis pane. Like all tools, it has options or parameters that need to be set.
4. Click the Information button beside Create Buffers.
A pop-up window provides a description and illustration of the tool. The Create Buffers tool creates distance zones around features. Buffers are typically used to find features in one layer near features in another layer. In this case, you will look for nassella tussock near campgrounds.

Buffer the commercial campgrounds

Now you'll set the parameters for the Create Buffers tool and run it. The tool will create a new area layer containing 14 buffer features—one for each campground. The buffer features will be circles of a 1.5-kilometer radius centered on the campgrounds. Your assumption is that campers are most likely to come in contact with nassella tussock on walks, bike rides, and similar excursions. The 1.5-kilometer value seems reasonable, but it may also make sense to consider longer distances.

1. In the Create Buffers tool pane, click the Choose layer containing features to buffer drop-down menu and click Commercial Campgrounds. In the Enter the buffer distance text box, type 1.5. Click the adjacent drop-down menu of distance units and select Kilometers.
2. Expand the Options dialog box and open the pop-up help for the Options parameter. You can choose between two Buffer Type settings: Overlap and Dissolve. Keep the Buffer Type set to Overlap.
Using the Overlap setting means that any buffers that are on top of each other will remain separate, whereas using Dissolve means that any areas that overlap will be combined into a single buffer.
3. Change the default Result layer name to Campground_Buffers.
You are buffering all of the campgrounds, so you don't need to limit the extent of your analysis with Use current map extent.
4. At the bottom of the Create Buffers tool pane, uncheck the Use current map extent box.
5. Click Run Analysis.
Now you'll hide the original layer in the map so that you can better see the buffer layer you just generated. Then you can zoom to the new buffer layer to examine it more closely.
6. In the Contents pane, turn off the Commercial Campgrounds layer. Click More Options in the Campground_Buffers layer and click Zoom To.
To see nassella tussock inside the buffers, you need to change the style of the Campground_Buffers layer.
7. In the Contents pane under Campground_Buffers, click Change Style. Under Select a drawing style, choose Options.
8. Click Symbols to change the symbol style. Change Fill color to white and set Transparency to 100%. Switch to Outline. Set Outline to black and Line Width to 1 px. Click OK to apply the changes, click OK, and click Done in the Change Style pane to keep the changes.
The Campground_Buffers layer contains all of the original Commercial Campgrounds fields as well as a new field with the buffer size. You can see all of the fields in a data set by viewing the layer's table.
9. In the Contents pane under the Campground_Buffers layer, click Show Table.
The name and address attributes of the features have been copied from the corresponding commercial campgrounds. The Buffer distance in Kilometers field shows the buffer distance.
10. Close the table.
11. Zoom in and examine some buffers at close range to see whether they contain nassella tussock.
The majority of the nassella tussock range is outside of the campground buffers. However, some campgrounds do have nassella tussock within their 1.5 kilometer buffer.
12. When you're finished, click Bookmarks > Campgrounds to return to an extent showing all of the campgrounds.
The Campground bookmark was created on the original map and was saved in your copy of the map. Bookmarks are a great way to save time if you are often zooming back and forth to different map extents.
13. Save your map.

Select buffers containing nassella tussock

The next part of the analysis is to identify the buffers that contain nassella tussock. For this, you need a tool that finds features in one layer (Campground_Buffers) according to whether they have areas in common with features in another layer (Nassella Tussock Range).

1. Open the Perform Analysis pane. Expand the Find Locations group and click the Find Existing Locations tool.
The Find Existing Locations tool selects existing features in your study area that meet a series of attribute or spatial criteria you specify.
2. Click the Choose layer containing features you want to find using attribute and spatial queries drop-down menu and select Campground_Buffers.
3. Click Add Expression in the Build a query to find features parameter to open the Add Expression dialog box.
The Find Existing Locations tool uses both attribute and spatial expressions to find features that meet a specific set of criteria. The most common spatial relationship used in Find Existing Locations is intersects, which can be used to find features that overlap or touch.
4. In the Add Expression dialog box, change the relationship to intersects and the second layer to Nassella Tussock Range. Click Add.
The features in the input feature layer will be selected. This is the correct setting because you want to know which campgrounds are affected, not which patches of nassella tussock are affected.
5. Change the Result layer name to Campgrounds_Within_Range. Again, you can uncheck Use current map extent. Click Run Analysis to run the tool.

Four buffers intersect with the nassella tussock range.

It may not surprise you that two of the selected buffers lie in areas where nassella tussock is prevalent. But what about the other two? Do the four selected buffers have a geographic relationship that sets them apart from the others? You'll look at some of the other layers in the map to see if they help you answer this question.

6. In the Contents pane, turn on the Roads layer.
The four selected buffers are linked by principal highways. This suggests that the road network facilitates the spread of nassella tussock. On the other hand, many unselected buffers are also linked by highways. It would be interesting to know which campgrounds are visited most often and whether vacationers typically visit multiple campgrounds, but these questions are beyond the scope of this lesson.
7. Turn off the Roads layer and turn on the Populated Places layer.
Three of the four selected buffers intersect populated places. At the same time, many populated places have no nassella tussock near them. While this brief investigation was inconclusive, spatial selections are a good way to discover meaningful patterns in your data and stimulate ideas for further analysis.
8. Turn off the Populated Places layer.
9. Save your map.

Quantify nassella tussock within buffers

In the third part of the analysis, you want to find out how much nassella tussock lies within the selected buffers. Why does that matter? For public education, it may be useful to provide campgrounds with a bulletin on whether nassella tussock has been found in the area, and, if it has been found, whether or not it is widespread. For researchers, a quantitative measurement is a baseline for comparison in coming years.

The tool you will use is Summarize Within.

1. Click Analysis to open the Perform Analysis pane. Under Summarize Data, click Summarize Within to open the tool.
One of the functions of Summarize Within is to calculate how much area from one layer falls within another layer—this is what you want to do for your analysis.
2. For Choose an area layer to summarize other features within its boundaries, select Campgrounds_Within_Range. For Choose a layer to summarize, select Nassella Tussock Range. In the Add statistics from the layer to summarize parameter, change the Sum Area in measurement to Hectares.
A hectare is a metric unit of area equal to 10,000 square meters or roughly two and a half acres.
3. Change Result layer name to Tussock_Within_Buffers. You can uncheck Use current map extent. Click Run Analysis to run the tool.
When the tool completes successfully, the Tussock_Within_Buffers layer is added to your map.
4. The Tussock_Within_Buffers layer contains features that overlap exactly with the Campgrounds_Within_Range layer, but the Tussock_Within_Buffers layer contains the summary statistics. In the Contents pane, turn off the Campgrounds_Within_Range layer to make it easier to work with Tussock_Within_Buffers.

   The Tussock_Within_Buffers layer has four features, corresponding to the four selected campground buffers. You'll change the style of the layer so you can see through it.

5. In the Contents pane under Tussock_Within_Buffers, choose Change Style. Switch the Choose an attribute to show parameter to Show location only. Under Select a drawing style, click Options.
6. Click Symbols to change the symbol style. Choose a fill on the gray scale. Switch to Outline and choose black. Click OK to apply the changes. Change the overall Transparency to 25% and click OK. Click Done to keep the changes you've made.
7. In the Contents pane under Tussock_Within_Buffers, click Show Table.
The Summarized area in Hectares field shows the total area of nassella tussock within each campground range. The largest area of nassella tussock is at the Awatere Settlers Motor Camp, where there are approximately 83.28 hectares. The smallest area of nassella tussock overlaps the Blenheim TOP 10 Holiday Park and has approximately 0.25 hectares. Keep in mind that the Nassella Tussock Range layer represents areas in which the plant has been found, not the actual plant density.
Save your map.

Next steps

In 25 minutes, you found publicly available data, determined which campgrounds have an overlapping range with nassella tussock, and calculated the total area of nassella tussock within each campground range. What's next?

To find more scenario-based lessons, browse the ArcGIS Learn gallery. To start, try Connect Streams for Salmon Migration. You can also visit The ArcGIS Book and The ArcGIS Imagery Book websites.

Perform a similar analysis to solve the nassella tussock problem using the powerful geoprocessing tools in ArcGIS Pro.

Explore ArcGIS Online on your own and discover what else is possible. A few ideas are as follows:

• Take a related quick lesson to learn how to create an app from the map and use it to record and share your results.
• Learn more about spatial analysis using the following resources: Get started with analysis and Which areas are good cougar habitat?